SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Knowledge-based systems</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Knowledge-based systems</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic journal, see <a href="Knowledge-Based_Systems_(journal)" title="Knowledge-Based Systems (journal)">Knowledge-Based Systems (journal)</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>A <b>knowledge-based system</b> (<b>KBS</b>) is a <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> that <a href="Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasons</a> and uses a <a href="Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge base</a> to <a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">solve</a> <a href="Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex problems</a>. Knowledge-based systems were the focus of early <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> researchers in the 1980s. The term can refer to a broad range of systems. However, all knowledge-based systems have two defining components: an attempt to represent knowledge explicitly, called a <a href="Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge base</a>, and a <a href="Reasoning_system" title="Reasoning system">reasoning system</a> that allows them to derive new knowledge, known as an <a href="Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">inference engine</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div>

<p>The knowledge base contains domain-specific facts and rules<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about a problem domain (rather than knowledge implicitly embedded in procedural code, as in a conventional computer program). In addition, the knowledge may be structured by means of a <a href="Subsumption_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsumption relation">subsumption</a> <a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a>, <a href="Frame_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Frame (artificial intelligence)">frames</a>, <a href="Conceptual_graph" title="Conceptual graph">conceptual graph</a>, or logical assertions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The inference engine uses general-purpose reasoning methods to infer new knowledge and to solve problems in the problem domain. Most commonly, it employs <a href="Forward_chaining" title="Forward chaining">forward chaining</a> or <a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">backward chaining</a>. Other approaches include the use of <a href="Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">automated theorem proving</a>, <a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a>, <a href="Blackboard_system" title="Blackboard system">blackboard systems</a>, and <a href="Rewriting" title="Rewriting">term rewriting systems</a> such as <a href="Constraint_Handling_Rules" title="Constraint Handling Rules">Constraint Handling Rules</a> (CHR). These more formal approaches are covered in detail in the Wikipedia article on <a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">knowledge representation and reasoning</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects_and_development_of_early_systems">Aspects and development of early systems</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge-based_vs._expert_systems">Knowledge-based vs. expert systems</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">Expert system</a></div>

<p>The term "knowledge-based system" was often used interchangeably with "<a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">expert system</a>", possibly because almost all of the earliest knowledge-based systems were designed for expert tasks. However, these terms tell us about different aspects of a system:

</p>

<ul><li><i>expert</i>: describes only the task the system is designed for – its purpose is to aid replace a human expert in a task typically requiring specialised knowledge</li>

<li><i>knowledge-based</i>: refers only to the system's architecture – it represents knowledge explicitly, rather than as procedural code</li></ul>

<p>Today, virtually all expert systems are knowledge-based, whereas knowledge-based system architecture is used in a wide range of types of system designed for a variety of tasks.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule-based_systems">Rule-based systems</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based system</a></div>

<p>The first knowledge-based systems were primarily rule-based expert systems. These represented facts about the world as simple assertions in a flat <a href="Database" title="Database">database</a> and used domain-specific rules to reason about these assertions, and then to add to them. One of the most famous of these early systems was <a href="Mycin" title="Mycin">Mycin</a>, a program for medical diagnosis.

</p><p>Representing knowledge explicitly via rules had several advantages:

</p>

<ol><li><i>Acquisition and maintenance.</i> Using rules meant that domain experts could often define and maintain the rules themselves rather than via a programmer.</li>

<li><i>Explanation.</i> Representing knowledge explicitly allowed systems to reason about how they came to a conclusion and use this information to explain results to users. For example, to follow the chain of inferences that led to a diagnosis and use these facts to explain the diagnosis.</li>

<li><i>Reasoning.</i> Decoupling the knowledge from the processing of that knowledge enabled general purpose inference engines to be developed. These systems could develop conclusions that followed from a data set that the initial developers may not have even been aware of.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meta-reasoning">Meta-reasoning</h3></div>

<p>Later architectures for knowledge-based reasoning, such as the BB1 blackboard architecture (a <a href="Blackboard_system" title="Blackboard system">blackboard system</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowed the reasoning process itself to be affected by new inferences, providing meta-level reasoning. BB1 allowed the problem-solving process itself to be monitored. Different kinds of problem-solving (e.g., top-down, bottom-up, and opportunistic problem-solving) could be selectively mixed based on the current state of problem solving. Essentially, the problem-solver was being used both to solve a domain-level problem along with its own control problem, which could depend on the former.

</p><p>Other examples of knowledge-based system architectures supporting meta-level reasoning are MRS<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Soar_(cognitive_architecture)" title="Soar (cognitive architecture)">SOAR</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Widening_of_application">Widening of application</h3></div>

<p>In the 1980s and 1990s, in addition to expert systems, other applications of knowledge-based systems included real-time process control,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intelligent tutoring systems,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and problem-solvers for specific domains such as protein structure analysis,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> construction-site layout,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and computer system fault diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advances_driven_by_enhanced_architecture">Advances driven by enhanced architecture</h3></div>

<p>As knowledge-based systems became more complex, the techniques used to represent the knowledge base became more sophisticated and included logic, term-rewriting systems, conceptual graphs, and <a href="Frame_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Frame (artificial intelligence)">frames</a>.

</p><p>Frames, for example, are a way representing world knowledge using techniques that can be seen as analogous to <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, specifically classes and subclasses, hierarchies and relations between classes, and behavior of objects. With the knowledge base more structured, reasoning could now occur not only by independent rules and logical inference, but also based on interactions within the knowledge base itself. For example, procedures stored as <a href="Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemons</a> on objects could fire and could replicate the chaining behavior of rules.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advances_in_automated_reasoning">Advances in automated reasoning</h3></div>

<p>Another advancement in the 1990s was the development of special purpose automated reasoning systems called <a href="Deductive_classifier" title="Deductive classifier">classifiers</a>. Rather than statically declare the subsumption relations in a knowledge-base, a classifier allows the developer to simply declare facts about the world and let the classifier deduce the relations. In this way a classifier also can play the role of an inference engine.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The most recent advancement of knowledge-based systems was to adopt the technologies, especially a kind of logic called <a href="Description_logic" title="Description logic">description logic</a>, for the development of systems that use the internet. The internet often has to deal with complex, <a href="Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">unstructured data</a> that cannot be relied on to fit a specific data model. The technology of knowledge-based systems, and especially the ability to classify objects on demand, is ideal for such systems. The model for these kinds of knowledge-based internet systems is known as the <a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_modeling" title="Knowledge modeling">Knowledge modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_engine" title="Knowledge engine">Knowledge engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Reasoning_system" title="Reasoning system">Reasoning system</a></li>

<li><a href="Case-based_reasoning" title="Case-based reasoning">Case-based reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_graph" title="Conceptual graph">Conceptual graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural networks">Neural networks</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith1985" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Reid (May 8, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reidgsmith.com/Knowledge-Based_Systems_-_Concepts_Techniques_Examples_08-May-1985.pdf">"Knowledge-Based Systems Concepts, Techniques, Examples"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>reidgsmith.com</i>. Schlumberger-Doll Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSowa2000" class="citation book cs1">Sowa, John F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knowledgereprese00sowa_0"><i>Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations</i></a> (1st ed.). Pacific Grove: Brooks / Cole. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-534-94965-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHayes-RothDonald_WatermanDouglas_Lenat1983" class="citation book cs1">Hayes-Roth, Frederick; Donald Waterman; Douglas Lenat (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingexpertsy00temd"><i>Building Expert Systems</i></a>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-201-10686-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHayes-RothDepartment1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Barbara_Hayes-Roth" title="Barbara Hayes-Roth">Hayes-Roth, Barbara</a>; Department, Stanford University Computer Science (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=892336"><i>BB1: an Architecture for Blackboard Systems that Control, Explain, and Learn about Their Own Behavior</i></a>. Department of Computer Science, Stanford University.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGenesereth" class="citation journal cs1">Genesereth, Michael R. "1983 - An Overview of Meta-Level Architecture". <i>AAAI-83 Proceedings</i>: 6.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLarssonHayes-Roth1998" class="citation journal cs1">Larsson, Jan Eric; <a href="Barbara_Hayes-Roth" title="Barbara Hayes-Roth">Hayes-Roth, Barbara</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bibtex/journals/expert/LarssonH98">"Guardian: An Intelligent Autonomous Agent for Medical Monitoring and Diagnosis"</a>. <i>IEEE Intelligent Systems</i>. <b>13</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFClancey1987" class="citation book cs1">Clancey, William (1987). <i>Knowledge-Based Tutoring: The GUIDON Program</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHayes-RothBuchananLichtargeHewitt1986" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="Barbara_Hayes-Roth" title="Barbara Hayes-Roth">Hayes-Roth, Barbara</a>; Buchanan, Bruce G.; Lichtarge, Olivier; Hewitt, Mike; Altman, Russ B.; Brinkley, James F.; Cornelius, Craig; Duncan, Bruce S.; Jardetzky, Oleg (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dblp.uni-trier.de/rec/bibtex/conf/aaai/Hayes-RothBLHABCDJ86"><i>PROTEAN: Deriving Protein Structure from Constraints</i></a>. AAAI. pp. <span class="nowrap">904–</span>909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Engelmore1988" class="citation book cs1">Robert Engelmore; et al., eds. (1988). <i>Blackboard Systems</i>. Addison-Wesley Pub (Sd).</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1981" class="citation conference cs1">Bennett, James S. (1981). <i>DART: An Expert System for Computer Fault Diagnosis</i>. IJCAI.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMettrey1987" class="citation journal cs1">Mettrey, William (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022104/http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/625">"An Assessment of Tools for Building Large Knowledge- BasedSystems"</a>. <i>AI Magazine</i>. <b>8</b> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/625">the original</a> on 2013-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor1991" class="citation journal cs1">MacGregor, Robert (June 1991). "Using a description classifier to enhance knowledge representation". <i>IEEE Expert</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>46. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F64.87683">10.1109/64.87683</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29575443">29575443</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-LeeJames_HendlerOra_Lassila2001" class="citation journal cs1">Berners-Lee, Tim; James Hendler; Ora Lassila (May 17, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424071228/http://www.cs.umd.edu/~golbeck/LBSC690/SemanticWeb.html">"The Semantic Web A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>284</b>: <span class="nowrap">34–</span>43. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0501-34">10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.umd.edu/~golbeck/LBSC690/SemanticWeb.html">the original</a> on April 24, 2013.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRajendraSajja2009" class="citation book cs1">Rajendra, Akerkar; Sajja, Priti (2009). <i>Knowledge-Based Systems</i>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780763776473</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning511" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation</a> and <a href="Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_chaining" title="Backward chaining">Backward chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Case-based_reasoning" title="Case-based reasoning">Case-based reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Commonsense_reasoning" title="Commonsense reasoning">Commonsense reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_chaining" title="Forward chaining">Forward chaining</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-based_reasoning" title="Model-based reasoning">Model-based reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Inference_engine" title="Inference engine">Inference engines</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof_assistant" title="Proof assistant">Proof assistants</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_engineering" title="Knowledge engineering">Knowledge engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">Expert systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CLIPS" title="CLIPS">CLIPS</a></li>

<li><a href="Connectionist_expert_system" title="Connectionist expert system">Connectionist expert systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Expert_systems_for_mortgages" title="Expert systems for mortgages">Expert systems for mortgages</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_expert_system" title="Legal expert system">Legal expert systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Reasoning_system#Types_of_reasoning_system" title="Reasoning system">Reasoning systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">Theorem provers</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint solvers</a></li>

<li><a href="Deductive_classifier" title="Deductive classifier">Deductive classifiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic programs</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedural_reasoning_system" title="Procedural reasoning system">Procedural reasoning systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule engine">Rule engines</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attempto_Controlled_English" title="Attempto Controlled English">Attempto Controlled English</a></li>

<li><a href="F-logic" title="F-logic">F-logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_Interchange_Format" title="Knowledge Interchange Format">Knowledge Interchange Format</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">Web Ontology Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorem provers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CARINE" title="CARINE">CARINE</a></li>

<li><a href="Nqthm" title="Nqthm">Nqthm</a></li>

<li><a href="Otter_(theorem_prover)" title="Otter (theorem prover)">Otter</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradox_(theorem_prover)" title="Paradox (theorem prover)">Paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Prover9" title="Prover9">Prover9</a></li>

<li><a href="SPASS" title="SPASS">SPASS</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Constraint_satisfaction" title="Constraint satisfaction">Constraint satisfaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_consistency" title="Local consistency">Local consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Satisfiability_modulo_theories" title="Satisfiability modulo theories">SMT solvers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-agent_planning" title="Multi-agent planning">Multi-agent planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial-order_planning" title="Partial-order planning">Partial-order planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Preference-based_planning" title="Preference-based planning">Preference-based planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactive_planning" title="Reactive planning">Reactive planning</a></li>

<li><a href="State-space_planning" title="State-space planning">State-space planning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox600" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="znalostní systémy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph211949&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Knowledge-based_systems&oldid=1297574687">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>